Careers. Neurosci Res 1993;17:127-140. Much effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM sleep and characteristics of associated dreams, with modest results. Before The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. The meaning of dreams. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. physiological function. Motoneuron inhibition is mild in the early post-birth days and increases according to a saturation curve (60). Dreaming has been a subject of cogitation since remote Antiquity. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. 94. Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. Dreaming 1996;6:121-30. Usually such increases in blood pressure are not enough to lead it to attain normal levels but during a nightmare blood pressure may go up to 200 mmHg. 122. Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. PMC Physiology and Psychology. The main purpose of experimental decerebration is to study the mechanisms of the fundamental posture, that is, the standing posture. 67. Marini G. Motor phenomena during sleep. Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. In cats desynchronized sleep appears also as tonic cortical desynchronization (figure 3) but in the hippocampus, septal area and amygdala theta waves predominate, as in rats and rabbits. Another change of the electro-oscillograms we disclosed in rats by carefully analyzing their time-course while a dream is on (as well as during attentive wakefulness) is the presence of short periods of desynchronization that interrupt or superimpose on theta waves. 37. 126. Grimm R, Tischmeyer W. Complex patterns of immediate gene induction in rat brain following brightness discrimination training and pseudotraining. Life Science 1989;45:1349-56. There are many hypotheses to account for the existence of dreams but it is still a matter of debate why and what for we dream. Would you like email updates of new search results? Later, the Roman writer Lucretius, the first popularizer of science, in his book De Rerum Natura (1978) credited these Greek philosophers for the discovery of the characteristics of sleep and dreams (2). J Physiol (Paris) 1984;79:365-74. 18. 87. ), Ermdung, Schlaf und Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:173-242. Chaudhuri A. Neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors. 1. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. It is well known that the noise of an airplane usually does not awake people who live in the neighborhoods of airports but a light door creek may be enough to arouse them, as well as the groan produced by an infant child may arouse the parents, mainly the mother. Herodotus, in his Histories, the first textbook on History ever written, tells that the Persian King Xerxes dreamed quite often about the war he was about to fight against Athens. Intermediate state of sleep in the cat. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. Science 1978;201:269-72. 16. Essential manifestations of dreaming are the conscious experience, the electrophysiological, the motor and the vegetative expression of oniric behaviors in humans as well as in other animals. The substrate, physiological mechanism, and function of dreaming have been explained by many scientists from the neurological, psychiatric, psychological, and philosophical perspective. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. Some authors have not been able to find changes in heart rate and respiration during desynchronized sleep (61) but there are striking demonstrations that blood pressure is reduced (figure 6), attaining values as low as 60 mmHg of systolic pressure; heart rate is also reduced and ventilation decreases (38,62). In humans, Hansotia and colleagues (34) found in humans, in accordance with our own observations in rats and cats, that oniric eye movements may be directed to one side or the other, not exclusively to one side, as stated by Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (29). Freuds wish-fulfillment. 102. Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. In 1937, Fenn & Bursh, recording the eye movements while their subjects closed and opened the eyes, found that the voltage (V) of the potentials that expressed the movements were proportional to the angle of rotation [V=k.2.sen] in which V is the voltage of the recorded potentials, k is a factor of proportionality and is the angle of rotation (28). Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. 55. Unfortunately, despite the opinion of great scientists of the past, most researchers that deal with sleep and dreaming, probably moved by philosophical, religious prejudice and a faulty reasoning, do not accept the idea that non-human animals do dream. Physiol., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New york 1972:1-165. 47. The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. 41. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. 121. Similarly, in rats any kind of sensory stimulation does immediately mobilize sniffing and vibrissal scanning movements. In decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain (67,95). It seems that a systematic investigation regarding the threshold to different types of stimulation is still lacking and should be performed, in order to establish which kinds of stimulation and effective thresholds are able to awaken humans and non-humans during sleep. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). 25. WebThe leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. MeSH However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. Pompeiano O. They include facilitation of memory storage, Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Cole AJ, Saffen DW, Baraban JM, Worley PF. 125. Oswald I. During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. Contemporary neuroscientific theories often view dreams as epiphenomena, and many of the proposals for their biological function are contradicted by the phenomenology of dreams themselves. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. Analysis of the electro-oscillograms yields extremely relevant information that can be correlated with movements and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. and transmitted securely. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The very essence of dreams is, certainly, memorized information. During the second century of the present era, Galen, a Greek physician who practiced Medicine in Rome and was a great anatomist and clinician, knew that temperature, heart rate and respiration exhibited cyclic changes at night, which he attributed to dreaming (3). Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:1008-9. When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. 51. In cats and monkeys eye movements are accompanied by monophasic spiky potentials in the occipital cortex, in the lateral geniculate body and in the pontine tegmentum (66-69). Jung R, Kornmller AE. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 46. Fenn WO, Hursh JB. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. 78. An official website of the United States government. 21. Possible role for the transcription factor zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. 3. New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis. eCollection 2019. The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1938;128:533-9. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:867-76. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memorian); Angela Cristina do Valle. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. Winson J. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. Roberts LA, Higgins MJ, O'Shaughnessy CT, Stone TW, Morris BJ. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). However, we still do not know why most motor units are inactivated while a few ones are mobilized, causing real but incoherent and non-efficient movements. Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. Brain 1997;120:1173-97. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. Morales FR, Chase MH systems controlling the theta rhythm of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268 is not disorganized. 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