Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. and transmitted securely. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. You et al. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Scientists often disagree about certain things. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. PV panels have been linked . (2015) concluded that soy isoflavones have both a slight and slow effect in attenuating menopausal hot flushes [87]. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . The six meta-analyses show a slight improvement in the frequency and intensity of hot flushes. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. They also explained that the differences between isoflavones and the rest of the drugs might be because the latter act by modulating central neurotransmitters and, as a consequence, by regulating the central thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Lastly, Abshirini et al. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. After the consumption of around 17 mg of isoflavones per day, the median plasma concentrations of genistein, glycitein, daidzein and equol were 245.3 ng/mL, 9.8 ng/mL, 86.8 ng/mL and 12.7 ng/mL, respectively. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Soy isoflavones osteoprotective role in postmenopausal women: Mechanism of action. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Perna et al. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. Determination of total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, supplement ingredients, and soy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: Collaborative study. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Lastly, Zhang et al. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. 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