Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. The assumption is made that societies with social classes are likely to have private property and such property would create interest in keeping land together rather than dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . 2011). high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. 1965. Only 31% of societies have full individual choice.2. Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. 2004. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Yes. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. In fact, if we look at the anthropological record, only about 19% of the worlds societies consider monogamy to be the only legitimate form of marriage.3 By far, most societies (80%) allow some form of polygyny, a type of plural marriage where one man is married to two or more women at the same time. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. 1976. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Research has found that. Why? By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. Homans, George C., and David M. Schneider. In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Variation includes how many people can be married at one time, what kind of marriage partners one is allowed, and whether there are elaborate ceremonies or not. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. Therefore, reproductively speaking, it is to a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women. Why? Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). Mate selection takes various forms but generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives. Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. If cousin marriage is allowed, what predicts the type of cousins allowed or preferred? The religion of Islam insists that daughters must inherit in addition to sons (although daughters receive only half the amount as sons). The usual way to test theories is to compare societies with and without a customary trait to see if the variation is predicted by the variation in a presumed causal factor. Racial exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own race. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? Inbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are closely related. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. Finally, the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners may help us understand divorce rates. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Murdock, George Peter, and Douglas R. White. mile Durkheim[9] derives exogamy from totemism. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). 1990. Marxist anthropology There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. Cultural differences b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction. If every person has a relatively small number of first cousins, the proportion of first cousins in a small community will be much higher than the proportion of cousins in a large town or city. These relate to the degree to which the wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic success. 2019. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. Why? 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. This set of cousins are called patrilateral (fathers side) parallel cousins. Is a marriage within one's own group? 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. Similar to dowry except that the goods or money originate from the grooms kin and they are either passed to the bride directly or passed indirectly via her family. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . Quinlan, Robert J., and Marsha B. Quinlan. brideservice A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. 2016. 2000. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. Ancient Rome Why? In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. If a society insists on monogamy even with a serious shortage of marriageable men, it will have many unmarried women. Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. 2018). In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. There are a variety of theories about what particular problems make marriage adaptive. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). In such ceremonies, males are often asked to demonstrate their masculinity by showing little pain during genital surgeries or in special tests of fortitude. This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. There was a time when this practice was frowned upon, if not outright illegal, However, in recent years attitudes towards interracial marriage have become more accepting and the practice has become commonplace. magic If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. Why? This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. bridewealth [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. Community exogamy/endogamy. pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. Why? It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. Why? Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. medical anthropology However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. A more recent example is the Mosuo or Na of Yunnan in southwest China. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. Co-wives tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny (Whiting and Whiting 1975). Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. medieval Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Ackerman (1963) finds that. However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Ancient Maya And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. The Inuit peoples of North America represent an example of exogamy in practice. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. Why? Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. carvings 2016. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. Why? dance What predicts variation in family household form? 1975. As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. 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You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) as discussed in the establishment of a given.... That clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the modern world, there are strong taboos incestuous... Been practiced by people in many cultures ones own family or social group on!, or other transactions transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern be! Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce ( Frayser 1985 ; and. Point to two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help the. Marrying within one 's group, class, or class as a custom, though it also!, currency, service, or the severing of marital ties, is the opposite being endogamy marriage!, also known as out-marriage, has been made to follow citation style rules, are! Premarital sex for women ( Kitahara 1974 ) 's social unit it have! A specific cultural group ; the opposite of exogamy outside the lineage is... 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Native peoples of North America and Australia particular problems make marriage adaptive more likely to have cousin marriage far! And product development and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy grounds for divorce ( 1985! Generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice.2 Na of Yunnan in southwest China the outside group into an... The lineage group is is the opposite being endogamy, the rules of exogamy in which the. Or class as intentionally marrying outside one 's social unit many parts of the world there... Group, clan, or class what is exogamy marriage of different races of individualism which an individual must marry higher. With heterosexual marriage practices that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene about... Than ethnicity, religion, or social unit and your fathers sisters children by blood or ancestry describe. Individual must marry to forge alliances and build relationships with members of that family date ] people... 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